CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0
BACKROUND
Although there
are various techniques to monitor and measure water flow rate, instantaneous
and cumulative water consumption parameters, but they require a component to
measure them. For instance a water meter and flow rate meter are needed to
measure consumption, quantity flowing and flow rate respectively. Furthermore,
the peripheral software may require extracting the information to display on
serial monitor. This can be utilized to achieve more statistical information
such as periodical consumption which need to be accomplished in long period of
time.
1.1
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Public
concept of how to share and manage the finite supplies of water is changing.
Increasing competition exists between home, irrigation, industrial,
recreational, aesthetic and fish or wildlife uses. Critical examination of
water use will be based on consumption, perceived waste, population density and
impact on ecological systems and endangered species water districts will need
to seek ways to extend the use of water by the best available technologies.
Best management measures and practices without exception depend upon
conservation of water. The key to conservation is good water management
practices.
(R. Garmabdari et al) According
to the statistical studies, the global population is growing by roughly 80
million people annually, representing increased freshwater demand of around 64
billion cubic meters in the same period of time. This amount of water is being
consumed in three fields comprising irrigation 70%, industry 20% and domestic
usage 10%.Therefore, monitoring and controlling of natural water resources are
counted as two most vital issues in water crisis. For the purpose of control
and supervision on natural water sources, the water consumption parameters such
as instantaneous consumption, flow rate, and accumulated consumption should be
measured and monitored.
1.2 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES
The
main objective is to quantify how much water we consume on a daily basis and
compare this to the city, state, and national average. This data can then be
used to determine the most cost effective ways to improve water conservation
and efficiency and usage. Our first task is to measure all sources of water use
within households for a certain amount of time, surveying only indoor water
usage. Since the number of proper household varies, we will then convert this
data into gallons per outlet per day in order to compare across different
household once all data on our personal water use is collected and is in units.
It can be compared against city, state and national averages. This data can
then be utilized in order to discover the most cost efficient way to increase
water conservation and efficiency and usage in our households by recalculating
water use in a hypothetical low flow scenario. This will provide us with a
guideline for what steps can be taken to increase water conservation and
efficiency and usage in household on city, state and national levels.
1.3 SCOPE
A
water flow test is a way to measure the water supply available at a building
site or household, usually for the purpose of best drinking site water supply
or other uses. The source has to be able to provide sufficient water to serve
the population, either on its own or in conjunction with other sources. The
flow of water the sources should be measured to assess the amount of water they
may provide.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
Besides proper billing for water
usage, many benefits are derived by upgrading water measurement program and
systems. Although some of the benefits are intangible, they should be
considered during system design or when planning water measurement upgrade.
Some benefits of water measurement are:
·
Accurate accounting and
good records help allocate equitable shares of water between competitive uses
both on and off the farm.
·
Good water measurement
practices facilitate accurate and equitable distribution of water within farm
resulting in fewer problems and easier operations.
·
Good water measurement
and management practice prevent excess runoff and deep percolation, which can
damage crops, pollute ground water with chemicals and pesticides, and result in
project farm drainage flows containing contaminants.
·
Instituting accurate
and convenient water measurement provides the on-farm irrigation decision
–maker with the information needed to achieve the best use of the irrigation
water applied while typically minimizing negative environment impacts
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