Abstract- This paper proposes energy efficient of smart street lighting system using low cost microcontroller based Arduino. The main objective is to design energy efficient smart streetlight for energy conservation in existing streetlights of rural area, urban area and exclusively for smart cities. The system consists of LED luminaire, LED driver, PV panel, charge controller light sensor, motion sensor, Arduino. The smart streetlight is controlled on the basis of traffic on road and day/night time [8]. The system is programmed to automatically turn off during the hours of daylight and only operate during the night and heavy raining or bad weather. Many times we see that street lights are remain switched ON even during day time, this is total of wastes of electricity while India is facing lack of electricity. Another problem is the traditional street lamp e.g. Sodium vapour, Metal halide, Incandescent, Fluorescent lamps consumes more power as compared to new advanced Led Lights. Streetlights can be operated free of cost by using automatic controlled, self- powered, efficient solar LED streetlight.
Keywords—Smart LED street light; Solar; Energy efficient; Street Lighting,Illumination.
INTRODUCTION
In entire world there are more than 300 million of street lights, which emits 100 million tons of carbon dioxide per year.
40% of energy is wasted which costs around 20 billion dollars. Therefore for economical operation of street lights and reduction of carbon footprints, High efficient LED luminaire with smart control of illumination level is the demand and need of time. About India, India consumes 18% of electricity for street lighting and residential lighting in whichstreet
lighting takes major part, while India is facing shortage of electricity. In December 2014, Government of India proposed and started to use LED luminaire in streetlights. If all existing streetlight replaced with LED lights then India will be benefited by 5,500 crore of rupees every year and reduction in CO2 emission. This is beneficial by many aspects like economic, environmental, lighting performance, reduction in road accidents, thief and crime. According to statistical data, for residential lighting, every year in India 77 crore of incandescent, fluorescent bulb and 40 crore of CFL bulb are purchased, which consumes around 60 to 100 Watts and 30 to
40 Watts of power respectively, which lasts for one to maximum four years only. Therefore use of efficient, long lasting 10 to 15 year LED lights would be wise decision. LED is considered a promising solution to modern street lighting system due to it is behavior and advantages as emphasized in [1]-[3]. apart from that, the advantages of LED are likely to replace the traditional street lamp such as the incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and High Pressure Sodium Lamp in future but LED technology is an extremely difficult process that requires a combination of advanced production lines, top quality materials and high-precision manufacturing process. Therefore, this paper highlights the energy efficient street lighting design using LED lamps through intelligent sensor interface for controlling intensity of light [10].
Still today almost all street lights are switched manually and thus due to manual error they are not switched at proper time, sometimes streetlights are remains ON during daytime. Therefore time based streetlights are also used t
sensor allows controlling light intensity which ensures energy saving and economical.
The proposed smart solar LED streetlight can be operated free of cost with sufficient solar charging. The system can be made more reliable by using auto changeover technique; in which streetlight is automatically switched to utility supply if there is insufficient charge in battery storage.
The battery starts charging in daytime via PV solar panel. With the help of light sensor (LDR), in dusk, streetlight automatically turns on with 30% of intensity and battery starts discharging. If there is any movement of vehicle or person then intensity of light will increase from 30% to 100% for preset time period. After this preset delay intensity will gradually reduce to 30%. In-between this if any movement is detected then again intensity will increase to its maximum. This ensures optimum lighting as well as energy saving. With this automation technique, capacity (Ah) of battery required is much less a compared to conventional solar LED streetlight. The Arduino microcontroller receives command signal from LDR light sensor, motion sensor and charge controller and controls streetlight according to program loaded intoit.
METHODOLOGYOFSMARTSOLARLED STREETLIGHT
Four main parts have been discussed under this topic. Design architecture is the main block function for the proposed design. While, the hardware specifications of each component is given below. Flow of the system is also explained.
Hardware Specification:
Arduino:
Arduino Uno R3[4]specifications are ATmega328 microcontroller, operating voltage at 5v, input voltage 7 to 12v, input voltage limit up to 20v, digital I/O pins 14, analog pins 6, DC current 40mA, flash memory 32KB including 0.5KB used by boot loader. SRAM of 2KB, EEPROM of 1KB and clock speed of 16 MHz some of the Features of Arduino UNO are power: can be USB connection or external power supply, with 7 to 12 volts recommended. The Arduino UNO provides power pins for other devices, the variants are 5v, 3.3v and Vin IOREF pin for optionalpower.
Solar panel:
As the name implies, these are cells that are grown from a single crystal. The Monocrystalline solar PV panel is more efficient than polycrystalline panel. Efficiency is about 18%. High Efficient Monocrystalline solar panel generates electricity during day time and it is stored in battery.
Battery:
It is a type of rechargeable battery, which uses lithium ion Phosphate as a cathodematerial. Li ion Ph batteries have somewhat high energy density,light weight offer longer lifetime. Inherently safer hence lithiumion Phosphate is popular among all storage batteries.
Sensors:
LDR(Light DependentResistor):
Light Dependent Resistor as the name suggests the resistance is dependent upon the light incident on it. The LDR resistance changes with intensity of light, with increase in light intensity the resistance offered by the sensor decreases.
LDR sensor gives analog input value to control circuit. This value can be used to automatically turn on/off the LED streetlight.
PIR(Passive Infrared Sensor) MotionSensor:
An infrared sensor [6]is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it, that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an infraredsensor.
LED(Light EmmitingDiode):
With the technological advancement in semiconductor materia, LED lamps produces light within visible range spectrum, therefore it has highest efficiency than incandescent, sodium vapour and other lamps.Therefore LED lamps worldwidely accepted for many lighgting applications along with for Streetlighting purpose. LED lamps having highest lifespan from 50,000Hrs to 1,00,000 Hrs and efficiency of of 100 to 120 lm/w.
ChargeController:
Charge controller is the interface between Solar Array and battery bank. It protects the battery from overcharging and moderate charging at finishing end of charge of battery bank. Therefore it enhances the life of the battery bank. It also indicates the charging status of batteries like battery undercharged, overcharged or deep discharged through LEDs indications. Some switches and MCBs are also provided for manual or accidental cut-off of charging. In some charge controllers load terminals are also provided through a low battery charge cut-off device so that it can protect the battery bank from deep discharge.
MOSFET(Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor):
It is voltage controlled device, here used for PWM purpose to control light intensity of streetlight.
LED driver:
It is basically coverts the inputs AC supply into DC supply with appropriate voltage level required to LED array. There is much research is going on for improving the lifespan of LED driver. The lifespan can increased by reducing the load on LED driver that is by means of smart controlling of intensity level as proposed in thispaper.
Software Development:
The microcontroller required a program to operate and execute the process associated with the proposed design. Arduino programming has been used to construct the program which much easy, user friendly, simple to understand and a person knowing only C language can also program. In this software development, sensors are integrated and the decision for every sensor will determine the process or operation of the system. It starts with analyzing the dark sensor and followed by the motion sensor and charge controller.
The system is start by determine the level of surrounding light, Day light and night have been set as two surrounding light level. During the day light as sufficient light falls on light sensor, LED light is switch off. During the night time the light start to operate with other sub conditions. If there is no motion detected then lamp will ON with 30% of its maximum intensity. And after detecting the motion, light bright up 100% intensity. Or the system can be programmed in such a way that light will be ON with 100% of intensity from dusk to preset time up to 11 p.m. or 12 p.m. and after this system depends on motion sensor. At the time of dawn/morning output of the light sensor can be used to turn off the light. In such way system can be programmed for efficient and optimum utilization ofenergy.
IOT based Control:
The system can be integrated as application of Internet of things (IOT) by using low cost ESP Wi-Fi module, so that brightness of the LED can be set to any required value. And different parameters of street light can be monitored with the
of internet such as charging percentage of charge in battery, what is battery backup for a selected intensity of light, power consumption, on/off condition etc. In coming years all cities will have internet access, so IOT control of streetlight can be easily used.
WORKING OF PROPOSEDSYSTEM
During day time solar panel produces electricity and it stored in the battery.
In dusk to dawn time light sensor gives command to arduino controller.
As per program it executes command and turns LED ON to 30% of max intensity when there is no motion below streetlight.
If any person or vehicle passes nearby streetlight, motion sensor activates and gives command to arduino to increase brightness to 100%.
After preset time and if there is no movement detected, intensity reduces gradually to30%.
At the time of morning LDR will send command to arduino and hence street light will turn OFF.
Normally streetlight will operate from electricity stored in the battery.
If battery is not charged sufficiently due to cloudy weather condition then streetlight will automatically switch to utility supply.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Power consumption per month for existing SV, LED and Smart solar LED Street light
Existing SVlamp:
(150W)*(12Hrs) *(30days) =54 kWhr
Ordinary LED lamp:
(30W)*(12Hrs) *(30days) =10.8 kWhr
LED lamp with automatic intensity control: ((30W*6Hrs) + (10W*6Hrs)) *(30days) =7.2kWhr
The streetlight with solar PV panel does not consumes any power from utility supply, therefore operates free of cost within provided backup from battery. [5]
(*Comment- Power consumption from utility is zero for solar powered Smart LED streetlight)
Figure 3: Power Consumption of different Streetlight systems
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the smart solar LED streetlight is presented. As a conclusion, around 70% to 85% of power consumption can be reduced by using this system as compared with existing sodium vapour streetlights. This is best solution to current street lighting system. Furthermore, the streetlight can be operated with free of cost providing efficient solar panel and battery. The smart solar LED streetlight system provides better illumination, optimum usage of electricity with reducing operational and maintenance cost after installation compare to high pressure sodium lamp and others.
Number of streetlights can controlled providing communication between them using wireless sensor [11][12].
The streetlight can also be energized with footstep generation system. Facilities such mobile charging point and Wi-Fi spot can be provided to area near IT park, Malls and different institutes. The proposed streetlight can be integrated with CC TV camera, water level monitoring, and air quality monitoring systems. The above various parameters can be
monitored and people of city, nearby area can be alerted for any emergency condition.
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